Rethinking Fasciola hepatica control under changing transmission risk: lessons from Australia and New Zealand.

Abstract

In many endemic livestock systems, Fasciola hepatica control is built around locally predictable transmission patterns that guide treatment timing. However, both climate change and invasive lymnaeid snails threaten the historical climate-snail-parasite relationships on which such strategies depend. Australia's seasonal treatment approach and New Zealand's experience with invasive Pseudosuccinea columella illustrate how established control can become misaligned when transmission ecology changes. Forecasting can identify emerging risk, but prediction alone is insufficient to justify revised treatment calendars. Contemporary livestock infection and snail data are needed to validate changes in t..